Resistor

A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor. Resistor is an element of circuit which does the same. Such as series connected resistor limits the current flowing through the light emitting diode (LED). In addition to that resistors serve many other purposes in electrical and electronic applications.
There are different types of resistor depending upon their construction, power dissipation capacities and tolerance of the value. Such as Carbon Composition Resistor, Metal Film Resistor, Carbon Film Resistor, Non Linear Resistor, Varistor, Thermistor. The electrical resistance of a resistor is measured in ohms. The symbol for an ohm is the greek capital-omega (Ω). The resistor color code markings are always read one band at a time starting from the left to the right. There are mainly four color bands provided on the body of resistors and each color indicates unique digit. Such as Black = 0, Brown = 1, Red = 2, Orange = 3, Yellow = 4, Green = 5, Blue = 6, Violet = 7 Gray = 8, White = 9.
The first and second color bands indicate a two digits number. The 3rd color band indicates the power of ten as multiplier. The fourth band indicates the tolerance. Resistors can be fabricated in a variety of ways. The most common type in electronic devices and systems is the carbon-composition resistor. Fine granulated carbon (graphite) is mixed with clay and hardened. The resistance depends on the proportion of carbon to clay; the higher this ratio, the lower the resistance.

Semiconductor

A semiconductor is a substance, usually a solid chemical element or compound, that can conduct electricity under some conditions but not others, making it a good medium for the control of electrical current. Semiconductors are used extensively in electronic circuits. As its name implies, a semiconductor is a material that conducts current, but only partly.

inductor
An inductor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of a magnetic field. In its simplest form, an inductor consists of a wire loop or coil. inductors are extensively used in much wider application areas like signal controlling, noise elimination, voltage stabilization, power electronic equipment’s, automobile operations etc. Such as Air Core Inductor, Iron Core Inductor, Ferrite Core Inductor, Iron Powder Inductor, Laminated Core Inductor, Bobbin based inductor, Toroidal Inductor, Multi-layer Ceramic Inductors, Coupled Inductors, Film Inductor.

Capacitor
Capacitor is a passive element that stores electric charge statistically and temporarily as an static electric field. It is composed of two parallel conducting plates separated by non-conducting region that is called dielectric, such as vacuum, ceramic, air, aluminum, etc. General uses of Capacitors are Storing Energy, power supply applications which required converting the signal from AC to DC. Tuning, as in radio systems by connecting them to LC oscillator and for tuning to the desired frequency. Timing, due to the fixed charging and discharging time of capacitors. Capacitance is the electrical property of a capacitor and is the measure of a capacitors ability to store an electrical charge onto its two plates with the unit of capacitance being the Farad (abbreviated to F).

Diode

A diode is a specialized electronic component with two electrodes called the anode and the cathode. Most diodes are made with semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, or selenium. A diode is a device which only allows unidirectional flow of current if operated within a rated specified voltage level. Such as Backward diode, BARITT diode, Gunn Diode, Laser diode, Light emitting diodes, Photodiode, PIN diode, PN Junction, Schottky diode, Step recovery diode, Tunnel diode, varicap diode, Zener diode. Some diodes are comprised of metal electrodes in a chamber evacuated or filled with a pure elemental gas at low pressure. Diodes can be used as rectifiers, signal limiters, voltage regulators, switches, signal modulators, signal mixers, signal demodulators, and oscillators. Diodes are not just used as rectifiers, as various other types of diode can be used in many other applications.

Transistor
A transistor is a device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals. Transistors consist of three layers of a semiconductor material, each capable of carrying a current. Transistors are composed of three parts a base, a collector, and an emitter. The base is the gate controller device for the larger electrical supply. The collector is the larger electrical supply, and the emitter is the outlet for that supply. There are two main types of transistors-junction transistors and field effect transistors. Each works in a different way. But the usefulness of any transistor comes from its ability to control a strong current with a weak voltage. A junction transistor consists of a thin piece of one type of semiconductor material between two thicker layers of the opposite type. A field effect transistor has only two layers of semiconductor material, one on top of the other.

Integrated circuits
Integrated circuits (IC) are a keystone of modern electronics. It’s sometimes called a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated. They are the heart and brains of most circuits. They are the ubiquitous little black “chips” you find on just about every circuit board. That can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, microprocessor, or even computer memory. Digital ICs use logic gates, which work only with values of ones and zeros Analog( linear) ICs work with continuous values. This means a component on a linear IC can take a value of any kind and output another value.