Fossil fuels are now the world's primary energy source. Formed from organic material over the course of millions of years. Fossil fuel is a general term for buried combustible geologic deposits of organic materials, formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. We depend on those fuels to heat our homes, run our vehicles, power indutsry and manufacturing, and give us eletcrictiy. Eventually, the degree to which we depend on fossil fuels will have to decline as the planet's known supplies diminish, the difficutly and cost of tapping remaining reserves increase, and the effect of their continued use on our planet grows more critical. The burning of fossil fuels by humans is the largest source of emissions of carbon dioxide, which is one of the greenhouse gases that allows radiative forcing and cotnributes to global warming.

Combustion

It's a Chemical Process in Which a Substance reacts with Oxygen to give off heat and light is called Combustion. Substances which burn in air to produce heat and light are called combustible substances.(wood, coal, LPG ) The substance which undergoes combustion is called a combustible substance. It is also called a fuel. The minimum temperature at which a substance catches fire and burns is called its ignition temperature. A substance will not catch fire and burn if its temperature is lower than its ignition temperature.

Pteroleum

Pteroleum is formed by hydrocarbons with the addition of certain other substances, primarily sulphur.(Ptera= rock + oleum= oil ) Pteroleum is a mixture of a very large number of different hydrocarbons; the most commonly found molecules are alkanes (paraffins), cycloalkanes (naphthenes), aromatic hydrocarbons, Pteroleum in its natural form when first collected is usually named crude oil, and can be clear, green or black and may be either thin like gasoline or thick like tar. World War I was the real catalyst for pteroleum production, with more pteroleum being produced throughout the war than had ever been produced before. In modern times pteroleum is viewed as a valuable commodtiy, േൃമded around the world in the same way as gold and diamonds. Most people tend to believe that pteroleum is mostly used to power internal combustion engines in the form of gasoline or pterol. Although our automobiles and other forms of േൃമnsport do consume the highest quanttiy of pteroleum it is used for a vast array of applications. Pteroleum is also a major part of the chemical makeup of many plastics and ്യെിthetics. The world has a limited supply of pteroleum, and current estimations tell us that within the next few decades people will have completely depleted this valuable natural resource.

Paraffin wax

Paraffin wax is a tasteless, odorless, white or colorless, hard wax obtained from pteroleum. Paraffin wax was first produced commercially in 1867.it is produced only from refineries, which have wax production units. There are three ്യേുes of Paraffin Wax namely Type1, Type2 and Type3. These categories are based on the oil content. Paraffin wax is most commonly associated with candle making, but it is also useful for applications such as making: wax paper, drywall, eletcrical insulators, and acting as a base for medicinal ointments. In its liquid form, paraffin wax acts as fuel and lubricant.

Coal

Coal is a fossil fuel created from the remains of plants that lived and died about 100 to 400 million years ago when parts of the earth were covered with huge swampy forests. Coal is classified as a nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of years to form. Coal provides 40 percent of the world's eletcrictiy. It produces 39 percent of global CO2 emissions. It kills thousands a year in mines, many more with polluted air. Coal is a flammable black hard rock used as a solid fossil fuel. It is mainly made up of 6595% carbon and also contains hydrogen, Sulphur, oxygen and ntirogen .it's an abundant natural resource that can be used as a source of energy, as a chemical feedstock from which many ്യെിthetic compounds ( dyes, oils, waxes, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides) can be derived, and in the production of coke for metallurgical processes. Coal is also used by other indutsries. The paper, brick, limestone, and cement indutsries all use coal to make their products. The coal indutsry's most േൃീublesome problem today is removing organic sulfur, a substance that is chemically bound to coal. All fossil fuels, such as coal, pteroleum, and natural gas, contain sulfur. When these fuels are burned, the organic sulfur is released into the air where it combines with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide is an invisible gas that has been shown to have adverse effects on the qualtiy of air we breathe. It also cotnributes to acid rain.

Biogas and biomass

Biogas is manufactured from biomass. biogas can in principle be generated from any organic compound, the biomass feedstocks that can be used to produce biogas are diverse. Some biomass feedstocks come from farms in the form of plants. Others come from other processes, or from animals, in the form of waste materials like household garbage and sewer sludge. Biomass suitable for use in biogas production is called feedstock. Some ്യേുes of biomass can be used to make biogas, using a process known as anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion can be seen as 'composting without air'. in anaerobic digestion, the biomass is decomposed with the exclusion of air. In the absence of oxygen, certain microorganisms break down the biomass to produce methane (CH4), a combustible gas.

Solar energy

Solar energy is the most readily available source of energy. It does not belong to anybody and is, therefore, free. It is also the most important of the nonconventional sources of energy because it is nonpolluting and, therefore, helps in lessening the greenhouse effect. solar panels absorb the energy of the sun to provide heat for cooking and for heating water. Such ്യെേെems are available in the market and are being used in homes and factories. India is one of the few coutnries with long days and pletny of sunshine, especially in the Thar desert region. This zone, having abundant solar energy available, Solar energy can also be used to meet our eletcrictiy requirements. Through Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) cells, solar radiation gets converted into DC eletcrictiy directly. This eletcrictiy can either be used as it is or can be stored in the battery.

Diesel fuel

Diesel fuel is used in diesel engine generators to generate eletcrictiy. Diesel fuel is a ്യേുe of distillate fuel. it's used in the diesel engines found in most freight േൃൗcks, േൃമins, buses, boats, and farm and contsruction vehicles. Synthetic diesel can be produced from any carbonaceous material, including biomass, biogas, natural gas, coal and many others. Ptero diesel, or fossil diesel is the most common ്യേുe of diesel fuel. It is produced from the fractional distillation of crude oil between 200 °C (392 °F) and 350 °C (662 °F) at atmospheric pressure. Biodiesel can be produced from tsraight vegetable oil, animal oil/fats, tallow and waste cooking oil. The process used to convert these oils to Biodiesel is called േൃമnsesterification.

Naphtha

Naphtha is commonly used as an aid in the refinement and distillation processes of crude oils into more efficient products. Naphtha is a name given to several mixtures of liquid hydrocarbons that are etxremely volatile and flammable. Each such mixture is obtained during the distillation of pteroleum or coaltar, and occasionally by the distillation of wood. Accordingly, it is known by different names, such as pteroleum naphtha, coaltar naphtha, or wood naphtha.

Nuclear energy

Nuclear energy is energy in the nucleus (core) of an atom. This energy can be used to make eletcrictiy. But first the energy must be released. It can be released from atoms in two ways: nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. Fission is the energetic splitting of large atoms such as Uranium or Plutonium into two smaller atoms, called fission products. To split an atom, you have to hit it with a neturon. Fusion is the combining of two small atoms such as Hydrogen or Helium to produce heavier atoms and energy. These reactions can release more energy than fission without producing as many radioactive byproducts. Fusion reactions occur in the sun, generally using Hydrogen as fuel and producing Helium as waste .The nucleus of a very large atom can split in two. In this process, a certain amount of the large atom's mass is converted to pure energy following Einstein's famous formula E = MC2, where M is the small amount of mass and C is the speed of light (a very large number).

Hydrogen fuel

hydrogen doesn't occur naturally as a gas on the Earth it's always combined with other elements. Hydrogen can be separated from hydrocarbons through the application of heat a process known as reforming. Currently, most hydrogen is made this way from natural gas. Hydrogen is high in energy, yet an engine that burns pure hydrogen produces almost no pollution. Fuel cells operate best on pure hydrogen. Hydrogen is a clean fuel that, when consumed in a fuel cell, produces only water. Hydrogen can be produced from a varitey of domestic resources. NASA has used liquid hydrogen since the 1970s to propel the space shuttle and other rockets into orbit

lubrication and lubricating oil

lubrication as the application of some oily or gresay substance in order to diminish friction. Many different substances can be used to lubricate a surface. Oil and grease are the most common. Grease is composed of oil and a thickening agent to obtain its consistency, while the oil is what actually lubricates. Oils can be ്യെിthetic, vegetable or mineralbased as well as a combination of these. There are three different ്യേുes of lubrication: boundary, mixed and full film. Speciatly lubricating oils with good penteration and wetting abilities protect reliably against friction and wear. The lubricating oil in a vehicle is used for keeping the moving parts of the engine from grinding together and creating friction.