Population size is the actual number of individuals in a population. Population density is a measurement of population size per unit area, i.e., population size divided by total land area. Abundance refers to the relative representation of a species in a particular ecosystem. Children and aged people constitute the dependent population. They are not involved in economic activities. They depend on adults to meet their needs.

 

Population structure is the composition of a given population, which is broken down into categories such as age and gender. Population structure, population geneticists mean that, instead of a single, simple population, populations are subdivided in some way. Population structure can be used to categorize populations into many subsections and demonstrate population demographics on a local, regional or national scale.

 

In financial terms, social capital basically comprises the value of social relationships and networks that complement the economic capital for economic growth of an organization or the network of social connections that exist between people, and their shared values and norms of behaviour, which enable and encourage mutually advantageous social cooperation. Social capital refers to the resources available in and through personal and business networks. These resources include information, ideas, leads, business opportunities, financial capital, power and influence, emotional support, even goodwill, trust , and cooperation.

 

The Ministry of Human Resource Development, formerly Ministry of Education (until 25 September 1985), is responsible for the development of human resources in India.

 

Population density is the number of people living in a unit area of the earth’s surface. It is normally expressed as per square km. The average density of population in the whole world is 45 persons per square km.

 

The total number of people living in a country at a given point of time.

 

Process of Collection, Compilation and publication of information relating to different aspects of people living in a country at a specific point of time.

• Birth rate

The number of live births per a thousand persons in a year.

• Death rate

Number of death per thousand in a year

• Sex Ratio

Number of females per thousand males in the population.

 

A topographic map is a type of map that shows heights that you can measure. A traditional topographic map will have all the same elements as a non-topographical map, such as scale, legend, and north arrow.

Contour Lines

Contour lines are the greatest distinguishing feature of a topographic map. Contour lines are lines drawn on a map connecting points of equal elevation, meaning if you physically followed a contour line, elevation would remain constant. Contour lines show elevation and the shape of the terrain.

Scale

A Scale is a ratio that represents the relationship between the actual distance on the ground and the distance on the map. The scale indicates how many units of the earth’s surface are equal to one unit on the map. a large-scale map to represent a small area, and a small-scale map to represent a large area. Small-scale maps are used to represent such large areas. The letter ‘N’ with an arrow pointing upwards at the upper right-hand corner of most of the maps is called the North line and it represents the northern direction. Using the north line as a reference, one can easily figure out the East, West and South directions in the map. One can refer to these four main directions as the cardinal points.

 

 

Tax is a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions.

Direct and Indirect Taxes

The term direct tax generally means a tax paid directly to the government by the persons on whom it is imposed. Tax on income and tax on business profit are examples of Direct Tax. Indirect tax is a tax imposed upon a transaction. Sales Tax and Value Added Tax (VAT) are examples of indirect taxes. Taxes in India are levied by the Central Government and the state governments. 

 

 

 

Goods and service Tax, is a tax levied based on consumption, GST is a tax that will be applied to both services and products. It is basically a value-added tax , levied at all points in the business chain. Credit is allowed for the tax paid on inputs procured or services availed for producing the output.

Income Tax

Income tax, this tax is mostly known to everyone. Every individual whose total income exceeds taxable limit has to pay income tax based on prevailing rates applicable from time to time.

Corporate Tax

Corporate Taxes are annual taxes payable on the income of a corporate operating in India. For the purpose of taxation companies in India are broadly classified into domestic companies and foreign companies.

Value Added Tax

The Sales Tax is the most important source of revenue of the state governments; every state has its respective Sales Tax Act. The tax rates are also different for respective states.

Excise Duty

An excise or excise duty is a type of tax charged on goods produced within the country. This is opposite to custom duty which is charged with bringing goods from outside of the country. Another name of this tax is CENVAT (Central Value Added Tax).

Entertainment Tax

Tax is also applicable on Entertainment; this tax is imposed by the state government on every financial transaction that is related to entertainment such as movie tickets, major commercial shows exhibition, broadcasting Service and cable service.

Education Cess 

Education cess is deducted and used for Education of poor people in INDIA. All taxes in India are subject to an education cess.

Gift Tax

If you receive the gift from someone it is clubbed with your income and you need to pay tax on it. This tax is called a gift tax. This tax is applicable if gift amount or value is more than 50,000 Rs in a year.

Wealth Tax

Wealth tax is a direct tax, which is charged on the net wealth of the assessee. Wealth tax is chargeable in respect of Net wealth corresponding to Valuation date. 

Toll Tax 

At some of the places, you need to pay tax in order to use infrastructure road and bridge build from your money given to government as Tax. This tax is called a toll tax. 

 

 

 

Mercury barometer is a tool that uses the element mercury to measure barometric (atmospheric) pressure to predict weather. It is an instrument consists of an exterior copper tube and interior glass tube sealed at one end and filled with mercury. The open end is inserted into a fixed cistern. The basic principle is that the pressure of the atmosphere is balanced against the weight of the column of mercury insides the glass tube.

 

An isobar is a line on a weather map that connects points of equal barometric pressure

On a weather map, isobars are contour lines that connect different locations or points with the same constant pressure, while isotherms are also contour lines, which specify locations that are at the same constant temperature.

 

 

• Subtropical Highs

The warm air at the low latitudes rises and moves toward the poles. The rising air, and the subsequent clouds and precipitation, cause the tropics to be very wet. As the air moves towards the subtropics, it descends over the oceans and creates semi-permanent circulation features called subtropical highs.

 

• Ferrel’s Law

It’s the law that wind is deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere, derived from the application of the Coriolis effect to air masses.